Urban Primary Healthcare (UPHC) requires a coordinated, comprehensive approach to address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and changing epidemiology, particularly for vulnerable populations. The urban poor face worse health outcomes and high out-of-pocket expenditures due to limited access to comprehensive primary healthcare and the dominance of private providers. Strengthening health systems including digitization and governance while integrating social, occupational, and environmental factors is essential for enhancing UPHC and achieving health outcomes.